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1) COOKED AND MIXED WINE

(a) (Beraisa): Cooked wine and Aluntis (a drink in which wine is mixed) of Nochrim is forbidden;

1. We permit Aluntis of a Nochri in its original state (Rashi - he bought it from a Yisrael, because the wine was mixed before the Nochri got it; Tosfos - the other ingredients, we are not concerned that the Nochri added wine).

(b) Question: What is Aluntis?
(c) Answer (Beraisa): We may make Anomalin on Shabbos, not Aluntis;

1. Anomalin is wine, honey and peppers; Aluntis is old wine, clear water and balsam oil, a cure to help one cool off after a hot bath.

(d) (Rabah and Rav Yosef): We are not concerned if mixed wine was exposed (lest a snake drank from it and emitted poison in it); we are not concerned that a Nochri would Menasech cooked wine.
(e) Question: Are we concerned if cooked wine was exposed?
(f) Answer (R. Yakov bar Idi): We are not concerned if cooked wine was exposed.
(g) R. Yishmael ben Zirud: R. Chiya (also) said, we are not concerned.
(h) Rabanan: May we rely on this?
(i) R. Yishmael: Yes!
(j) Shmuel was sitting with Avlet (a Nochri). Cooked wine was put in front of them; Avlet was careful not to touch it.

1. Shmuel: We are not concerned for Nisuch of cooked wine, you may touch it.

(k) Cooked wine of R. Chiya's slave was exposed; he told her that we are not concerned for exposure of cooked wine.
(l) Mixed wine of Rav Ada bar Ahavah's servant was exposed.

1. (Rav Ada): We are not concerned for exposure of mixed wine.
2. (Rav Papa): This is only if it is well diluted, but if it is not so diluted, we are concerned for exposure.

(m) Question: Do snakes really drink partially diluted wine?!

1. Rabah bar Rav Huna was on a boat; he had wine with him. A snake was approaching; Rabah's servant added a little water to the wine, and the snake turned away.

(n) Answer: Snakes will risk their lives (by drinking in front of people) for unmixed wine, not for mixed wine.
(o) Question: Is it really true that snakes do not risk their lives from mixed wine?!

1. R. Yanai was drinking mixed wine; some was left, he covered it. He saw a snake add water to it and drink it.

(p) Answer: A snake will risk its life for wine it mixed itself, not for wine that others mixed.
(q) Objection (Rav Ashi): Exposed wine is dangerous, we cannot rely on these poor answers! (Rather, we are always concerned for exposure of mixed wine.)
(r) Rava: The Halachah is, we are concerned for exposure and Nisuch of mixed wine, we are not concerned for exposure and Nisuch of cooked wine.

(a) Water of R. Chilkiyah bar Tuvi's servant was exposed; he was sleeping right by it.

1. R. Chilkiyah: Snakes are afraid of people that are sleeping.
2. This is only by day, at night they are not afraid.
3. Rejection: This is wrong - we do not say that snakes are afraid of sleeping people, not by day nor by night.

(b) Rav would not drink water in a Nochri's house, for they are not careful enough about exposure; he would in a (Yisraelis) widow's house - (even if she does not know the laws), she conducts as she did when in her husband's lifetime. (Me'iri - Rav (and Shmuel) do not forbid drinking by others, they were merely stringent on themselves.)
(c) Version #1: Shmuel would not drink water in a (Yisraelis) widow's house, with no husband to fear, she is not careful enough about exposure;

1. He would drink water in a Nochri's house - even though they are not concerned enough for snakes, they cover water for cleanliness.

(d) Version #2: Shmuel would not drink water in a widow's house, nor in a Nochri's house.
(e) (R. Yehoshua ben Levi): For three kinds of wine there is no concern about exposure: sharp, bitter and sweet:

1. Version #1: Sharp - it is so strong, it can break a pouch; bitter - and bad; sweet - because the sun ruined the grapes.
2. Version #2 (Rav Chama): These are good wines! Sharp - on account of peppers and spices; bitter - wormwood; sweet - a good drink.

(f) (Reish Lakish): We are not concerned for exposure of Karina.
(g) (R. Avahu): Karina is sweet vinegar of Asya.

1. (Rava): In Asya, we are concerned for exposure of Karina.
2. Question: What is the reason?
3. Answer: It is the primary drink there, snakes are used to it.

(h) (Rava): Wine that started souring: for three days we are concerned for exposure and Nisuch, after three days we are not concerned for either.

(i) (Chachamim of Neharda'a): Even after three days we are concerned for exposure - sometimes, a snake will drink it.
(j) (Beraisa): We are not concerned for exposure of Toses wine (it has not yet fermented, i.e. grape juice).
(k) Question: How long is it considered Toses?
(l) Answer: For three days.
(m) We are not concerned for exposure of cress; in Bavel, they are concerned;

1. This is only if it has no vinegar; if it does, this deters snakes.

(n) We are not concerned for exposure of Kutach (a dip made with moldy bread and whey); in Bavel, they are concerned.

1. (Rav Menashi): If we see holes in it (which may be from snakes), we are concerned (even in Eretz Yisrael).

(o) (R. Chiya bar Aba): We are not concerned for exposure of dripping wine this deters snakes);

1. (Rav Ashi): This is only if the drops come one right after another.

(p) (R. Chiya bar Aba): If one detached a fig from a tree and part remained on the tree, we are not concerned that a snake bit it on the part left on the tree and poisoned the fig.
(q) This is like the following Tana.

1. (Beraisa - R. Eliezer): A person may eat figs and dates at night (even though he cannot check them for bite marks), he need not be concerned - "Shomer Pesa'im Hash-m" (Hash-m guards fools who do not know to guard themselves).

(a) (Rav Safra): There are three types of venom: venom of a young snake sinks (to the bottom), of a middle-age snake goes to the middle, of an old snake stays on top.
(b) Question: This implies that snakes get weaker (their venom is lighter) as they age!

1. Contradiction (Beraisa): Three things get stronger with age: fish, snakes and pigs.

(c) Answer: They get stronger, but the venom gets lighter.
(d) Question: Why must he teach that venom of a young snake sinks?
(e) Answer (Beraisa): A barrel that was exposed, even if nine people drank from it (and are fine), it is forbidden to drink from it;

1. A case occurred, a tenth person drank and died.
2. (R. Yirmeyah): This is because the venom was at the bottom.
3. Similarly, if a cut watermelon was exposed, even if nine people ate from it, it is forbidden to eat from it; a case occurred, a tenth person ate and died.

(f) (Beraisa): A person may not pour exposed water in a public domain, nor sprinkle it in the house (to keep the dust from scattering), nor use it to knead mud, nor give to his or another's animal to drink, nor wash his hands, feet and face;
(g) Others say, he may only wash places where there are no cracks (for drops remain there, and the venom will burn through his skin).
(h) Question: About what do they argue?
(i) Answer: The back of the hand or foot, and cheekbones (there are no cracks, but the first Tana forbids them).
(j) (Beraisa): He may not give it to his or another's animal to drink.
(k) Contradiction (Beraisa): He may give it his own animal to drink.
(l) Answer: The latter Beraisa permits giving it to his cat (Rashi - the venom will not harm it; Ran - we are only concerned for a Kosher animal, lest a person will eat it and be harmed).
(m) Question: He should also be allowed to give it to someone else's cat!
(n) Answer: This may weaken the cat.
(o) Question: It may also weaken his own cat!
(p) Answer: It will get stronger again.
(q) Question: Also someone else's cat will get stronger again!
(r) Answer: Perhaps the owner needs to sell it now, and no one will buy it.