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1) FORGERS' TRICKS

(a) (Abaye): If someone wants that Beis Din should have his signature (to validate documents), he should not sign at the bottom of a parchment, lest a swindler will find it, and write above it 'I owe you (a large amount of) money';

1. (Mishnah): Reuven brought a document against Shimon, Shimon was signed below - Reuven collects from Shimon's unsold property.

(b) A (Yisrael) tax collector asked Abaye 'Show me your signature - I will exempt Chachamim bearing your signature from the tax'.

1. Abaye went to sign at the top; the tax collector was moving the parchment, so the signature would be at the bottom.
2. Abaye: Chachamim already anticipated your scheme (and taught how to defend oneself).

(c) (Abaye): One should not (spell out in Arame'ic) a number between three and ten at the end of a line in a document, lest the bearer will add letters to make it larger (30, 40...90 or 20);

1. If that is where the number must be written, he should repeat it in the document - surely, at some point it will come out in the middle of a line (where added letters would be a blatant forgery).

(d) A document said 'A third *b*'Pardisa (of an orchard); the bearer erased the top and bottom of the 'Beis', leaving a 'Vov', so it would say *v*'Pardisa (*and* an orchard).

1. Abaye: Why is there space between the 'Vov' and 'Pardisa'?!
2. Abaye forced him, he admitted to his forgery.

(e) A sale document said 'The portion of Reuven and Shimon Achei (brothers)'; they had another brother 'Achi', the buyer added a 'Vov' making it read 'v'Achi'.

1. Abaye: Why is the 'Vov' so close to the previous word?!
2. Abaye forced him, he admitted to his forgery.

(f) Rava and Rav Acha bar Ada were signed on a document; it came in front of Rava.
(g) Rava: Indeed, that is my signature - but I never signed in front of Rav Acha!

1. Rava forced the bearer, he admitted to his forgery.
2. Rava: Granted, you were able to forge my signature - but Rav Acha's hand shakes, how could you forge his signature?
3. Version #1 - The forger: I was holding the rope that people hold when they cross the narrow bridge.
4. Version #2 - The forger: I was standing on a bucket (and wobbling).

(a) (Mishnah): We may write a Get for a man, even in the absence of his wife; we may write a receipt for a woman (that she received her Kesuvah), even in the absence of her (ex-)husband, as long as we recognize them (this will be explained); the husband pays the scribe.

(b) We may write a loan document for a borrower, even in the absence of the lender; we may not write for the lender in the absence of the borrower; the borrower pays the scribe.
(c) We may write a sale document for a seller, even in the absence of the buyer, but not vice-versa; the buyer pays the scribe.
(d) We only write documents of Kidushin or Nisu'in (a Kesuvah) with consent of both parties; the Chasan pays the scribe.
(e) We only write documents of Arisus (sharecropping) or rental of land with consent of both parties; the worker or renter pays the scribe.
(f) We only write documents of Birurin (this will be explained) and all actions of Beis Din with consent of both parties; both parties share the scribe's fee;
(g) R. Shimon ben Gamliel says, one copy is written for each party.
(h) (Gemara) Question: What does it mean 'as long as we recognize them'?
(i) Answer (Rav Yehudah citing Rav): Regarding a Get, we must recognize the husband (that this is his name); regarding a receipt, we must recognize the (ex-)wife.
(j) Question (Rav Safra...): Don't we also need to recognize the wife in a Get, and the husband in a receipt?

1. Version #1 (Rashbam): Perhaps he will write a Get for another man's wife, to (fraudlently) permit her, or she will write and give a receipt for another man!
2. Version #2 (Tosfos, according to Bach): Perhaps he will write a Get for the wife of another man (with the same name as himself), to enable her to (fraudulently) collect her Kesuvah, or she will write and give a receipt for another man (whose wife has the same name as herself)!

(k) Answer (Abaye citing Rav): Regarding a Get, we must recognize the husband, and also the wife; regarding a receipt, we must recognize the (ex-)wife, and also the husband.
(l) Question: We should be concerned that there are two people (really, couples) in the city with the same names (Yosef ben Shimon, Leah bas Yakov), lest one will write a Get for the other's wife!
(m) Answer (Rav Acha bar Huna citing Rav): This teaches that if there are two people named Yosef ben Shimon in the city, neither can divorce his wife unless the other is present.
(n) Question: Even if there is only one Yosef ben Shimon, perhaps Reuven will go to another city, call himself Yosef ben Shimon, and (after this is established to be his name) write a Get for Yosef's wife!
(o) Answer (Rav Huna bar Chinena citing Rav): Once a person established his name in a city for 30 days, we are not concerned that this is false (he would be afraid to lie for so long, lest the truth be discovered).
(p) Question: What is the law if someone who established his name in a city for less than 30 days wants to divorce his wife?
(q) Answer (Abaye): If he answers when the name is called, we assume it is his name.
(r) Rejection (Rav Zvid): A swindler is very careful (he will answer; therefore, one must wait 30 days before he can divorce).