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1) MISTAKEN DECISIONS ABOUT COINS

(a) Beraisa #1: Reuven asked a moneychanger about a certain coin; he was told that it was good. It turned out to be bad - if the moneychanger is an expert, he is exempt; if not, he is liable;
(b) Contradiction (Beraisa #2): Either way, he is liable.
(c) Answer (Rav Papa): Beraisa #1 exempts a very expert moneychanger, who has nothing he needs to learn.
(d) Question: So how did he err?
(e) Answer: They had just changed the coinage, and he did not yet hear of this.
(f) A woman showed a coin to R. Chiya; he told her that it was good. It turned out to be bad - he gave her a good coin in its place, and recorded his loss as a 'bad deal'.
(g) Question: But R. Chiya had nothing he needed to learn! (h) Answer: He acted beyond the letter of the law.

1. (Rav Yosef): "You will make them know" - this is learning Torah; "the way" - this is bestowing Chesed; "they will go" - this is visiting the sick; "in it" - this is burial; "the deed" - this is the law; "that the will do" - this is going beyond the letter of the law.

(i) Reish Lakish showed a coin to R. Elazar; he told her that it was good.

1. Reish Lakish: You should know - I am relying on you.
2. R. Elazar: Do you expect me to pay if I am wrong? You yourself say that R. Meir is the Tana who obligates for Garmi!

i. Suggestion: This means, R. Meir obligates, but the law is not as R. Meir.

3. Reish Lakish: No, we hold as R. Meir.

(a) Question: Where do we find that R. Meir obligates for Garmi?
(b) Answer #1 (Mishnah): If a judge acquitted the guilty party, obligated the exempt party, pronounced Tamei what was really Tahor, or pronounced Tahor what was really Tamei - what he did is done, and the judge must pay (for any resulting loss).
(c) Rejection: R. Ila'a established the Mishnah when the judge acted on his ruling (e.g. he transferred money himself or touched Tum'ah to the food, which is standard damage, not Garmi).
(b) Answer #2 (Mishnah - R. Meir): Reuven gave wool to Shimon to dye red, and he died it black, or vice-versa - Shimon pays him the value of the wool he received.
(d) Rejection: There, he damaged through his action, (that is not Garmi).
(e) Answer #3 (Mishnah): Reuven draped his vines over Shimon's grain - this forbids the grain, and Reuven is liable.
(f) Rejection: There also, he damaged through his action.
(g) Answer #4 (Beraisa): The wall between Reuven's vineyard and Shimon's grain field was breached, and Shimon told him to fix it; it was breached, and he told him to fix it;

1. Reuven decided not to fix it - this forbids the grain, and Reuven is liable.

(a) (Mishnah): Reuven gave wool to a dyer (Shimon), and the dye was ruined - Shimon pays the value of the wool.

1. If he dyed it poorly - Reuven pays the increased value of the wool or Shimon's expenses, whichever is smaller.

(c) If he was told to dye it red, and he died it black, or vice-versa - R. Meir says, Shimon pays the value of the wool he received;

1. R. Yehudah says, Reuven pays the increased value or Shimon's expenses, whichever is smaller.

(d) (Gemara) Question: What does it mean, 'if he dyed it poorly'?
(e) Answer (Rav Nachman): He used the dregs of dye at the bottom of the cauldron.