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1) MEAT COOKED WITH MILK

(a) (Mishnah): If a drop of milk fell on a piece of meat in a pot:

1. If the milk gives Ta'am to the piece, it is forbidden;
2. If the pot was stirred, the milk gives Ta'am to the contents in the pot, it is all forbidden.

(b) (Gemara - Abaye): Regarding all Isurim, if Heter absorbed Ta'am from Isur, it becomes forbidden mid'Oraisa, even if we do not see the Isur itself.

1. If this law was only mid'Rabanan, we could not explain why we don't learn from meat and milk (the meat is forbidden because it absorbed the Ta'am of milk, even though we do not see any milk).

i. Suggestion: We do not learn from meat and milk, because it is a Chidush. (Rashi - each is permitted by itself, together they are forbidden; alternatively, it is forbidden to cook them, even without eating them. Tosfos - they are permitted when mixed together (cold), only cooking forbids them.)
ii. Rejection: If it is a Chidush, it should be forbidden even if no Ta'am is absorbed!

(c) Rejection (Rava): Regarding other Isurim, if Heter absorbed Ta'am Isur, it could be permitted mid'Oraisa;

1. Meat and milk is different, for the Torah forbids normal cooking (there is enough milk to give Ta'am to the meat).

(a) (Rav): Once the milk gives Ta'am to one piece (of meat), that piece becomes like a Neveilah, and forbids all the pieces, because they are the same species.
(b) Question (Mar Zutra brei d'Rav Mari): Rav's law is like R. Yehudah, who says that an Isur is never Batul in its own species;

1. Must we say that he argues with Rava?
2. (Rava): R. Yehudah holds that if Isur is mixed with Heter of its own Min *and* another Min, we ignore its own Min, and it can become Batul in the other Min (if there is enough of the other Min).

(c) Answer (Ravina): If the meat was cooking in a thin gravy, Rav agrees with Rava, we ignore the other pieces, and the forbidden piece is Batul in the gravy;

1. The case is, it was cooking in a thick gravy (full of bits of meat), which is considered the same Min, so the forbidden piece cannot be Batul.

(d) Question: Does Rav permit Efshar l'Sochto (if food 'A' (Heter) received Ta'am from an Isur (and became forbidden), then 'A' was cooked with more Heter, do we say that the forbidden Ta'am exudes, and 'A' is permitted, if there is enough Heter for Bitul?)

1. Suggestion: If he permitted Efshar l'Sochto, the piece would not become like Neveilah (and forbid the rest of the pot, rather, it would become permitted (if there is enough food in the pot)!)

(e) Answer: Rather, he forbids Efshar l'Sochto.

1. (Rav, R. Chanina, and R. Yochanan): Efshar l'Sochto is forbidden.
2. (Shmuel, R. Shimon bar Rebbi, Reish Lakish): It is permitted.

(f) Question: Does Rav really forbid?!

1. (Rav): If a K'Zayis of meat fell into a cauldron of milk, the meat is forbidden, the milk is permitted.
2. If Rav forbids Efshar l'Sochto, why is the milk permitted?

i. Some milk was absorbed in the meat, and became forbidden - when it exudes from the meat, it should forbid all the milk!

(g) Answer #1: Indeed, Rav forbids Efshar l'Sochto;

1. Meat and milk is different - it says "Do not cook a kid in its mother's milk" - if one did so, only the kid becomes forbidden, not the milk.
2. Objection: Rav does not say so!

i. (Rav): If Reuven cooked half a k'Zayis of meat with half a k'Zayis of milk, he is not lashed for cooking it, but one who eats (all of) it is lashed.
ii. If only the meat becomes forbidden, he cannot be lashed for eating half k'Zayis of Isur!

(h) Answer #2: Rather, Rav holds that also the milk becomes forbidden; the case is, the meat fell into a cauldron of boiling milk - the meat only absorbs, it does not emit (milk that it absorbed).
(i) Question: When it stops boiling, it will emit the absorbed milk!
(j) Answer: The case is, the meat was removed while the milk was still boiling.

(a) (Rav): Reuven cooked half a k'Zayis of meat with half a k'Zayis of milk - he is not lashed for cooking it, but one who eats (all of) it is lashed.
(b) Question: In any case, this is difficult!

1. If the meat and milk join up, Reuven should be lashed for cooking it!
2. If they do not join up, one who eats it should be not be lashed!

(c) Answer: Really, they don't join up; one is lashed for eating it when half a k'Zayis of meat and half a k'Zayis of milk were taken from a pot in which a k'Zayis of meat was cooked with a k'Zayis of milk.
(d) (Levi): One is lashed even for cooking together half a k'Zayis of each.
(e) (Levi - Beraisa): Just like one is lashed for eating half a k'Zayis of each, one is lashed for cooking them together;

1. One is liable for cooking to the point at which a non-Jew would eat it.

(a) Tana'im argue whether or not Isur can become permitted.
(b) (Beraisa - R. Yehudah): If a drop of milk fell on a piece of meat in a pot, and the milk gives Ta'am to the piece, it becomes like Neveilah, and forbids all the pieces, for they are Mino;
(c) Chachamim say, they are forbidden only it gives Ta'am to the sauce, Kipah (thick gravy with bits of meat) and pieces.

1. Rebbi: I agree with R. Yehudah when the pot was not stirred or covered; I agree with Chachamim when the pot was stirred or covered.

(d) Question: What does he mean by 'it was not stirred or covered'?

1. Suggestion: It was not stirred or covered at all.
2. Rejection: Granted, the piece could absorb the Ta'am of the milk, but it would not impart Ta'am to the other pieces (R. Yehudah would not forbid them!)

(e) Answer: Rather, it was not stirred or covered at first, rather later.
(f) Question: The piece absorbs the Ta'am of the milk, and emits it - even the piece should become permitted again!
(g) Answer: R. Yehudah forbids Efshar l'Sochto.