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1) [line 2] MIGDAL EDER - an ancient settlement located on a hill halfway between Chevron and Beit Lechem, in the present-day area of Gush Etzyon, mentioned in Bereishis 35:21. According to Targum Yonasan Ben Uziel, it is the place where Mashi'ach will reveal himself.

2) [line 2] OLOS
(a) A person may offer a Korban in the Beis ha'Mikdash as a voluntary sacrifice (Olas Nedavah), as it states in Vayikra 1:2. Voluntary Korbanos may be Olos (which are burned entirely on the Mizbe'ach, see Vayikra 1:2-17, 6:1-6), Shelamim (parts of which are eaten, see Vayikra 3:1-17, 7:11-21, 7:28-37) or Menachos (flour offerings, see Vayikra 2:1-13, 6:7-11, 7:9-10).
(b) Korbenos Olah are Kodshei Kodashim and therefore they may only be slaughtered in the northern part of the Azarah. Before its slaughter, the owner presses his hands on the head of the animal (Semichah). The blood of the Olah is cast on the northeastern and southwestern corners of the Mizbe'ach (Shenayim she'Hen Arba). Nesachim (a meal offering consisting of flour and oil and a wine libation) are brought as part of the Korban (Bamidbar 15:3-12). The meal offering is completely burned on the Mizbe'ach and the wine is poured into one of the Sefalim (the silver libation pipes located at the top of the southwest corner of the Mizbe'ach) (RAMBAM and RA'AVAD Hilchos Ma'aseh ha'Korbanos 2:1). The amount of flour, oil and wine needed depends upon the animal offered, as specified in Bamidbar (ibid., see Background to Sotah 15:9).
(c) The hide of the Olah is given to the Kohanim and the rest of the animal is dismembered and entirely burned on the Mizbe'ach.

3) [line 3] ZIVCHEI SHELAMIM
(a) See previous entry, paragraph (a).
(b) Korbenos Shelamim that are offered by an individual may be brought from male or female sheep, cows or goats. They are Kodshim Kalim, and may therefore be slaughtered in the entire Azarah (and not only in its northern part). Before its slaughter, the owner presses his hands on the head of the animal (Semichah). The blood of the Shelamim is cast on the northeastern and southwestern corners of the Mizbe'ach (Shenayim she'Hen Arba). Nesachim (a meal offering consisting of flour and oil and a wine libation) are brought as part of the Korban (Bamidbar 15:3-12). The meal offering is completely burned on the Mizbe'ach and the wine is poured into one of the Sefalim (the silver libation pipes located at the top of the southwestern corner of the Mizbe'ach) (RAMBAM and RA'AVAD Hilchos Ma'aseh ha'Korbanos 2:1). The amount of flour, oil and wine needed depends upon the animal offered, as specified in Bamidbar (ibid.).
(c) The Chazeh (breast) and Shok (thigh) of the Shelamim were given to the Kohen (Vayikra 7:34). Certain fats and other parts of the Korban were offered on the Mizbe'ach (Vayikra 3:3-4, 9-10, 14-15). The owner and his guests (men or women) eat the rest of the Korban inside the borders of the city of Yerushalayim. The meat may be cooked in any fashion and is eaten for two days and the intervening night.

4) [line 5] B'VA LACHUV BI'DEMEIHEN ASKINAN - the Mishnah (Shekalim 20a) refers to bringing a Korban equal in value to the animal that was found [as opposed to actually offering that animal itself] (when one finds an animal that might be a Korban, he is responsible to make sure that a Korban that was lost will be offered -- see Insights to Shekalim 20:1)

5a) [line 8] EIN MO'EL ACHAR MO'EL B'MUKDASHIN ELA BI'VEHEMAH UVI'CHELEI SHARES BILVAD - one only transgresses the prohibition of Me'ilah repeatedly when the object involved is an animal or a consecrated utensil (ME'ILAH)
(a) It is forbidden to derive personal benefit from anything that is Hekdesh, as the Torah states, "Lo Suchal le'Echol b'Sha'arecha...u'Nedarecha Asher Tidor" - "You may not eat in your settlements... and your pledges [to Hekdesh] that you will pledge" (Devarim 12:17) (RAMBAM Hilchos Me'ilah 1:1-3). The minimum amount for which one transgresses this prohibition is a Perutah's worth of benefit.
(b) If someone benefited from Hekdesh intentionally, he receives Malkos and must pay to Hekdesh the amount that he benefited. However, the object from which he benefited remains Hekdesh.
(c) If someone benefited from Hekdesh unintentionally, the object loses its Kedushah. He must bring a Korban Me'ilah and repay Hekdesh the value of his benefit plus an additional *fifth* (of the ensuing total, or a *quarter* of the original value). This is true of any object that has Kedushas Damim (i.e. its value is consecrated to Hekdesh). An object that has Kedushas ha'Guf (i.e. an object with intrinsic Kedushah, such as the utensils used in the Beis ha'Mikdash or a live Korban that is used in the Beis ha'Mikdash "as is") does not lose its Kedushah under any circumstances. Therefore, it is possible to transgress the prohibition of Me'ilah repeatedly with these items (Rosh Hashanah 28a).

b) [line 9] BEHEMAH - an animal that has been consecrated as a Korban
c) [line 9] KLEI SHARES - the utensils used for the service in the Beis ha'Mikdash

6a) [line 1] TAHI BAH REBBI YOCHANAN - Rebbi Yochanan wondered about and contemplated Rebbi Oshaya's ruling
b) [line 1] V'CHI OMRIM LO L'ADAM, "AMOD V'CHATEI BISHVIL SHE'TIZKEH"? - Do we say to a person, "Transgress a prohibition in order that the offering of this Korban should be to put right?" (lit. "in order that he should merit [correcting the offering of this Korban]")

7) [line 3] MAMTIN LAH AD SHE'TUMAM U'MAISI SHTEI VEHEMOS U'MASNEH (PIDYON KODSHIM - redeeming a consecrated object)
(a) If a person consecrates (is "Makdish") an object to the Beis ha'Mikdash and that object is of no benefit to the Mikdash "as is," the object may be sold by the appointees of Hekdesh (Gizbarim), who determine its selling price based on the estimate of a group of experts. When a person buys the object from Hekdesh, the object loses its Kedushah and its value becomes Kodesh in its stead. This is called "Pidyon Hekdesh," redeeming from Hekdesh.
(b) In our Gemara, the finder lets the animal graze and waits until it develops a Mum (a blemish that disqualifies it from being offered on the Mizbe'ach). He then brings two new animals in its stead, one as an Olah and one as a Shelamim. He stipulates that one of them should be the replacement of the found animal and the other should be a voluntary sacrifice.

8) [line 6] ASHAM
[I] ASHAM VADAI
The Torah specifies five cases where the Korban Asham Vadai is brought. The animal offered is usually a ram that costs at least two Sela'im. The first three involve transgressions:

1. ASHAM ME'ILOS: a person who has benefit from Hekdesh b'Shogeg must bring a Korban Asham, besides paying the amount he benefited plus a fine of Chomesh (Vayikra 5:14-16; see above, entry #5a).
2. ASHAM GEZEILOS: a person who steals money from a fellow Jew, swears in Beis Din that he holds no such money and later admits his sin, must return what he stole, pay a fine of Chomesh, and bring a Korban Asham to receive atonement (Vayikra 5:20-26; see Background to Kidushin 52:36b).
3. ASHAM SHIFCHAH CHARUFAH: a person who has relations with a Shifchah Charufah (e.g. a slave who was owned by two partners, and freed by one of them, who is betrothed to a Jewish slave) must bring a Korban Asham, whether he did the sin b'Mezid or b'Shogeg (Vayikra 19:20-22; see Background to Kidushin 23:11b).
4. ASHAM NAZIR: this Korban (a sheep within its first year) is brought by a Nazir who becomes Tamei during his period of Nezirus (Bamidbar 6:12; see Background to Nazir 60:2).
5. ASHAM METZORA: this Korban (a sheep within its first year) is brought by a Metzora upon the completion of his Taharah process (Vayikra 14:12; see Background to Kidushin 35:24).

11) [line 10] SHE'LO BI'ZEMANO SHELAMIM HU (PESACH SHE'AVAR SHENASO)
Only kid goats or sheep during their first year may be offered as a Korban Pesach. If an animal was designated as a Pesach but was not offered on the first Pesach after its birth, it becomes a Korban Shelamim (since it may no longer be offered as a Korban Pesach).

12) [line 10] BECHOR
(a) The Kedushah of Bechor rests on every first-born male of an ox, goat or sheep when it comes out of its mother's womb. Nevertheless, there is a Mitzvah for a person to sanctify it himself (Erchin 29a, based on Devarim 15:19). He must then give it to a Kohen; it may not be redeemed.
(b) If the animal has no Mum (blemish), the Kohen must bring it as a Korban during its first year. After its blood and Emurim (see Background to Yevamos 7:8 and 100:9) are offered on the Mizbe'ach, its meat is eaten in Yerushalayim during the following two days and the intervening night. If the animal has or develops a Mum, it must be slaughtered and eaten during its first year. If it developed a Mum after the first year, it must be slaughtered and eaten within thirty days. The Kohen can give it away or sell it, even to a non-Kohen. However, it may not be sold in a meat market or weighed in the usual manner.
(c) Now that there is no Beis ha'Mikdash, a Kohen must care for a Bechor until it develops a Mum. Alternatively, he can sell it, even if it has no Mum, to a non-Kohen, who may eat it after it develops a Mum. It may not be sold in a meat market in the usual manner, or bought in order to resell for a profit (Sefer ha'Chinuch #393, #445). The Chachamim penalized a person who intentionally inflicts a Mum in a Bechor, that the animal may never be slaughtered (Bechoros 34a).

13) [line 14] CHATAS
If a person commits a sin b'Shogeg (unintentionally) for which he would be Chayav Kares if he would have committed it b'Mezid (intentionally), he must bring a Korban Chatas. He brings a female goat or female sheep as his Korban Chatas.

14) [line 15] CHATAS BAS SHENASAH (CHAMESH CHATA'OS MESOS)
There are five Chata'os that are put to death by locking them up without food until they die:

1. The offspring of a Chatas
2. The Temurah (see Background to Yoma 50:10) of a Chatas
3. A Chatas, the owner of which has died
4. A Chatas of a sheep or goat that became a year old (and is therefore invalid as a Korban Chatas), the owner of which brought a different Chatas to atone for his sins
5. A Chatas that was lost and was later found with a Mum, the owner of which brought a different Chatas to atone for his sins (Temurah 21b)

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