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1) EXPOUNDING A VERSE AS WE READ IT, OR AS IT IS WRITTEN

(a) (Rav Yitzchak bar Yosef): The following Tana'im all expound the way we read (pronounce) a verse: Rebbi, R. Yehudah ben Ro'atz, Beis Shamai, R. Shimon and R. Akiva.
(b) Rebbi expounds "Yarshi'un" (above);
(c) R. Yehudah ben Ro'atz expounds thusly in a Beraisa.

1. (Beraisa) Question: When the Torah says that a woman who gave birth to a girl is Tamei "Shevu'ayim" (two weeks), the word lacks a 'Vov', should we read 'Shiv'im' (70 days)?
2. Answer (R. Yehudah ben Ro'atz): (A woman who gave birth to a boy is Tamei for seven days, followed by 33 days of Taharah;) just as the days of Taharah for giving birth to a girl are (66,) twice that for a boy, likewise the days of Tum'ah are twice as many.

i. After the Talmidim left, R. Yehudah ran after them. 'We need not learn from a woman who gave birth to a boy - we read it "Shevu'ayim", we expound the way we read a verse.'

(d) Beis Shamai expound thusly in a Mishnah.

1. (Mishnah - Beis Shamai): Any sacrifice whose blood is thrown on the outer Altar, if it was thrown once, it atoned, except for a Chatas, for which two sprinklings are needed;
2. Beis Hillel say, even for a Chatas, one sprinkling suffices.
3. (Rav Huna): Beis Shamai learn from the three times it says "Keranos" (plural), teaching six; we use four to teach l'Chatchilah, and two to teach what is Me'akev (necessary for atonement).
4. Two of the occurrences of 'Keranos' are written missing the 'Vov' (as if it says 'Karnas', singular) - Beis Hillel only learn one from each of those, and two from "Keranos" written with a 'Vov', making four in all;

i. They use one to teach what is Me'akev, and three to teach l'Chatchilah (to sprinkle on three additional corners).
ii. Question: Why not use all four to teach l'Chatchilah?
iii. Answer: We never find atonement without any sprinkling.

(e) R. Shimon expounds thusly in a Beraisa.

1. (Beraisa): Two walls of a Sukah must be the full required length (seven Tefachim), one wall can be (just over) a Tefach (if placed within three Tefachim of a wall);
2. R. Shimon says, three walls must be the full length, one can be (just over) a Tefach.
3. Question: What do they argue about?
4. Answer: Chachamim expound the way a verse is written, R. Shimon expounds the way we read it.
5. Two of the occurrences of 'Sukos' are written missing the 'Vov' (as if it says 'Sukas', singular) - Chachamim only learn one from each of those, and two from "Sukos" written with a 'Vov', making four in all; we do not expound the first occurrence, so three remain;

i. A tradition from Moshe from Sinai teaches that one of them may even be a Tefach, leaving two full walls;

6. R. Shimon learns two walls from each "Sukos", even those written without a 'Vov', six in all; we do not expound the first occurrence, so four remain;

i. A tradition from Sinai teaches that one may even be a Tefach, leaving three full walls.

(f) R. Akiva expounds thusly in a Beraisa.

1. (Beraisa - R. Akiva) Question: How do we know that a Revi'is of blood from two dead bodies conveys Tum'ah to an Ohel?
2. Answer (R. Akiva): "Al Kol *Nafshos* Mes" - two souls, and one quantity of blood;
3. Chachamim expound the way it is written, 'Nafshas' (singular).

(g) Objection (Rav Acha bar Yakov): Surely, all the Tana'im expound the way we read a verse!

1. (Beraisa): "Ba'*Chalev* Imo (in the milk of its mother)" - one might have thought, it is (Rashi - only; Ran - even) forbidden to cook meat in *Chelev* - we (Ran - only) learn from the way we read it.

2. (No Tana forbids cooking meat in Chelev - all must learn like this Beraisa! Rav Acha bar Yakov now gives a new explanation of the Tana'im who seemed to expound the way a verse is written.)

(h) Chachamim (that argue with Rebbi) also expound the way we read (Yarshi'un);

1. Rebbi says, this teaches two judges in addition to those mentioned above; likewise, "ha'Elohim" above also refers to two, making four (we add a fifth to make an odd number of judges);
2. Chachamim explain, "Yarshi'un" refers to the two judges learned, one above and one here.

(i) No one argued against R. Yehudah ben Ro'atz;
(j) Beis Hillel also expound the way we read a verse;

1. (Beraisa): It says "V'Chiper" three times, so we will not learn from a Kal va'Chomer that all sprinklings are Me'akev.
2. Question: A Kal va'Chomer teaches that only one is Me'akev!

i. The Torah mentions blood (e.g. of Asham and Shelamim) which is thrown on the bottom half of the Altar, and blood (of a Chatas) put on top of the Altar:
ii. Just as one throwing of blood below atones, also of blood above.
iii. Suggestion: Perhaps we should instead learn from blood (of certain Chata'os of the congregation) brought on the inner Altar;
iv. Regarding the inner Altar, if any sprinkling was omitted, there is no atonement - we should say the same regarding (Chata'os of) the outer Altar!
v. Answer: It is better to learn Chata'os of the outer Altar from sacrifices of the outer Altar, and not from those of the inner Altar.
vi. Question: Perhaps it is better to learn Chata'os, whose blood (l'Chatchilah) is put on the four corners (of the Altar) from Chata'os whose blood is put on the four corners, and not from other sacrifices, whose blood is not put on the four corners!

3. Answer: Since we might have learned from the inner Chata'os, it says "V'Chiper" three times:

i. The first teaches, even if one of the four corners was omitted, it atoned; the second teaches, even if two were omitted; the third teaches, even if blood was only put on one corner, it atoned.

(k) Chachamim (that argue with R. Shimon) also expound the way we read (Sukos);

1. They also learn four walls, like R. Shimon; they use one of them to teach that we need Schach (a ceiling), R. Shimon does not need a verse for this.

(l) Chachamim (that argue with R. Akiva) also expound the way we read (Nafshos);

1. They say that this refers to souls in general, R. Akiva explains, souls from which this blood came.

(m) Objection: Not all agree that we expound the way we read a verse!

1. (Beraisa - R. Yishmael): Two occurrences of 'Totafos' are written missing the 'Vov' (as if it says 'Totafas', singular) - we only learn one from each of those, and two from "Totafos" written with a 'Vov', making four in all, teaching that there are four compartments in the head Tefilin;
2. R. Akiva says, we do not need to expound that way -- in Katfi (a place) 'Tat' means two; in Afriki, "Fos' means two.

(a) Answer #1 (to Rav Acha's Objection 2:a): Tana'im argue whether we expound the way we read or the way we write a verse only when it is not read like it is written;

1. Chalav and Chelev are both written the same way, therefore all expound the way we read it.

(b) Objection: Yireh (will see) and Ye'ra'eh (will be seen) are both written the same, and a Tana argues (and expounds both)!

1. (Beraisa - Yochanan ben Dehavai): Someone blind in one eye is exempt from entering the Mikdash on the festivals - "Ye'ra'eh...Yireh" - Hash-m sees those who come, and His Presence is seen by them (Rashi; Tosfos - those who come see His Presence, and they are seen by Him);

i. Just as there is no flaw in Hash-m's vision, there us no flaw in the vision of those obligated to come.

(c) Answer #2 (to Objection 2:a): "Lo *Sevashel* Gedi Ba'Chalev Imo" - the Torah forbade the way of cooking (i.e. in milk, which is watery - Chelev is fat, one does not cook in it, one fries in it).