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1) SAVING OTHERS FROM SHAME

(a) (Beraisa): We only Me'aber the year with judges that were invited;

1. A case occurred, R. Gamliel requested that seven be invited for Ibur Shanah; he found that eight were there. He asked that whoever was not invited leave.
2. Shmuel ha'Katan: I was not invited, I did not come to Me'aber, only to learn.
3. R. Gamliel: You may stay; you are fitting for Ibur, but Chachamim require judges that were invited.

i. Really, Shmuel ha'Katan had been invited; he 'confessed' to save the uninvited one from shame.

(b) Rebbi was expounding; he smelled garlic, and asked the one who had eaten garlic to leave. R. Chiya left, then everyone else left.

1. R. Shimon bar Rebbi (to R. Chiya): You pained my father!
2. R. Chiya: I would never do such a thing! (I left to save the guilty party from shame.)

(c) R. Chiya learned this from R. Meir.
(d) (Beraisa): A woman once came to R. Meir's Beis Medrash and said 'One of you was Mekadesh me through relations'. R. Meir wrote a Get and gave it to her; everyone did the same.
(e) Question: R. Meir learned from Shmuel ha'Katan - from whom did Shmuel ha'Katan learn?
(f) Answer: He learned from Shechanyah.

1. "Va'Ya'an Shechanyah...va'Noshev Nashim Nochriyos" (he did not marry a Nochris, he only said this to minimize the shame of those who did).

(g) Shechanyah learned from (what Hash-m said to) Yehoshua.

1. When Hash-m said "...Chata Yisrael", Yehoshua asked who had sinned.
2. Hash-m: I am not a talebearer! Cast lots.

(h) Alternatively, we can say that Shechanyah learned from (what Hash-m said to) Moshe.

1. Hash-m said "Ad Anah Me'antem", as if everyone sinned.

(i) (Beraisa): After the death of the last prophets, Chagai, Zecharyah and Malachi, Ru'ach ha'Kodesh left Yisrael; still, they would hear Voices from Heaven;

1. Once Chachamim were sitting in the second story of a house in Yericho; they heard a Voice from Heaven saying that one of them is fit for Shechinah, but the generation is not worthy of this; everyone looked at Hillel.
2. When he died, they said 'This was a Chasid! This was a humble person, a Talmid of Ezra.'
3. Once Chachamim were in Yavneh; they heard a Voice from Heaven saying that one of them is fit for Shechinah, but the generation is not worthy of this; everyone looked at Shmuel ha'Katan.
4. When he died, they said 'This was a Chasid! This was a humble person, a Talmid of Hillel.'
5. Just before Shmuel ha'Katan died, he said (with Ru'ach ha'Kodesh) 'R. Shimon (ben Gamliel) and R. Yishmael will be killed by the sword, their colleagues will be killed; the rest of the nation will be despoiled, troubles will come upon the world.'
6. They wanted to similarly eulogize Bava ben Buta, but they were unable - we do not eulogize those killed by the king.

(a) (Beraisa): We do not Me'aber the year unless the Nasi wants to. A case occurred, R. Gamliel went to speak to the ruling authority in Surya; he delayed returning, they were Me'aber the year in his absence on condition that he will agree.

1. When he returned, he agreed, the year was Me'aber.

(b) (Beraisa): We Me'aber a year for one of the following needs of Pesach: to allow time for repair of roads or bridges (that became ruined in winter), in order that people will be able to come to Yerushalayim; to allow time for ovens to dry; if people from Chutz la'Aretz already started to come but will not arrive in time for (the first) Pesach.

1. We do not Me'aber the year on account of snow, the cold, or people of Galus that did not yet start to come.

(c) (Beraisa): We do not Me'aber the year in order that more young goats or lambs will be available (for Korban Pesach), or to allow a larger supply of pigeons which cannot yet fly (and are invalid for a Mechusar Kipurim (one who may not eat Kodshim until he brings a sacrifice));

1. This can join to a reason for which we are Me'aber;

(d) (R. Yanai citing R. Shimon ben Gamliel): 'We inform you that the pigeons are too young, the sheep are too thin, the season of Aviv (when the early grain (barley) ripens) has no yet come, it is proper in my eyes to add 30 days to the year.
(e) Question (Beraisa): We add 30 days to make an Ibur Shanah;

1. R. Shimon ben Gamliel says, we add a month (i.e. 29 days - R. Yanai cited him to say 30 days)!

(f) Answer (Rav Papa): R. Shimon ben Gamliel means, we may add 29 or 30 days.
(g) See the difference between the early powerful Chachamim (R. Gamliel) and the later humble Chachamim (his son R. Shimon ben Gamliel):

1. (Beraisa): A case occurred, R. Gamliel was sitting on a step in Har ha'Bayis, Yochanan the scribe was in front of him, with three parchments suitable to write letters.

i. R. Gamliel: Take this letter, write 'To our brothers in Upper and Lower Galil, you should always have Shalom! We inform you that the time for Bi'ur has come, you must tithe the olives';
ii. Take this letter, write 'To our brothers in the south (of Eretz Yisrael), you should always have Shalom! We inform you that the time for Bi'ur has come, you must tithe the sheaves';
iii. Take this letter, write 'To our brothers in Bavel, Madai and other places in Chutz la'Aretz (who had not yet heard about the Ibur Shanah), you should always have Shalom! 'We inform you that the pigeons are too young, the sheep are too thin, the season of Aviv has no yet come, it is proper in my eyes *and the eyes of my colleagues* to add 30 days to the year.' (R. Shimon ben Gamliel did not mention that his colleagues agreed!)

(h) Rejection: Perhaps R. Gamliel wrote this (and mentioned his colleague(s)) after he was deposed from being Nasi (he and R. Eliezer ben Azaryah would alternate being the Nasi).
(i) (Beraisa): We Me'aber the year on account of three things: for Aviv, for fruits of the tree (in order that people can bring Bikurim when they come to the Mikdash on Shavu'os, if they have not ripened yet, they will have to come again when they ripen), and for the Tekufah (Pesach must come after the end of winter (the spring equinox), Sukos must come after the end of summer (the fall equinox).

1. We Me'aber on account of two of these, not for only one of them.
2. Everyone is happy when Aviv is one of the reasons for the Ibur Shanah (since the grain is not ready anyway, people do not mind waiting another month until they may eat Chadash (grain planted after Pesach is forbidden until the day of bringing the Omer, the second day of Pesach of the following year).
3. R. Shimon ben Gamliel says, on account of the Tekufah.
4. Question: Does he mean, people are happy when we Me'aber on account of the Tekufah (Sukos will not come in winter, the trip to Yerushalayim will not be difficult), or that we Me'aber on account of the Tekufah alone (since it says (Shemos 34) "V'Chag ha'Asif Tekufas ha'Shanah")?
5. This question is unsettled.

(j) (Beraisa): We Me'aber the year on account of (Aviv, if it has not yet ripened in) two of three regions: Yehudah, Ever ha'Yarden, and Galil, we do not Me'aber on account of one of them.

1. Everyone is happy when Yehudah is one of them, since (l'Chatchilah) the Omer should come from Yehudah.

(a) (Beraisa): We only Me'aber the year in Yehudah; if it was made Me'aber in Galil, it is Me'ubar;
(b) Chananya Ish Ono testified that if it was made Me'aber in Galil, it is not Me'ubar.
(c) (R. Yehudah brei d'R. Shimon ben Pazi): Chanayah learns from "L'Shichno Sidreshu u'Vasa Shamah" - all Drishos (investigations) must be in Hash-m's Shechunah (region, i.e. Yerushalayim, which is in Yehudah).
(d) (Beraisa): We only Me'aber the year during the day; if it was made Me'aber at night, it is not Me'ubar;
(e) We only Mekadesh the month during the day; if it was Mekudash at night, it is not Mekudash.
(f) (R. Aba): We learn from "Tik'u ba'Chodesh Shofar ba'Keseh l'Yom Chagenu" - the Chag (Yom Tov) during which the moon is Mechuseh (covered, i.e. new and invisible) is Rosh Hashanah;

1. "Ki Chok l'Yisrael Hu" - just as Mishpat must be during the day, also Kidush ha'Chodesh.