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1) SHIURIM

(a) All food Shiurim are a KeZayis except Tumas Ochlin (which is KeBeitzah).
(b) This exception is owing to the alteration of the Pasuk.

1. A confirmation of this may be drawn from Yom Kipur.
2. Question: How does the Pasuk alter by Yom Kipur?
3. Answer: Asher Lo SeUneh in place of Asher Tochal.
4. Question: What differentiation do we make by Yom Kipur?
5. Answer: The Shiur is KaKoseves.
6. Question: Why do we need confirmation from Yom Kipur?
7. Answer: We might attribute the alteration by Tumas Ochlin to usage (syntax).

(c) Question: How do we know that Tumas Ochlin is a KeBeitzah?
(d) Answer (R. Avahu citing R. Elazar): The Pasuk implies food which derives from food, ie. chicken-egg.

1. Question: Perhaps it means goat-kid?
2. Answer: The kid would not be called Ochel, since it requires Shechitah.
3. Question: Perhaps the kid is a Ben Pekuah?
4. Answer: It still requires Keri'ah.
5. Question: Perhaps it refers to a large egg (of a large bird).
6. Answer: We apply the rule of minimum Chidush (Tafasta).
7. Question: Then we should use the egg of the smallest bird!?

(e) Answer (R. Avahu himself): The Pasuk implies the most food which may be swallowed at one time, which Chazal assessed to be a KeBeitzah.

(a) (R. Elazar) One who eats Chelev nowadays must record for himself the amount consumed, in case a future Beis Din will increase the Shiurim.
(b) Question: What is meant by Yarbeh BeShiurin?
(c) Answer: The Beis Din will obligate a Korban for a *smaller* KeZayis.
(d) Question: But then he will not have to bring a Korban, given the rule that a Chatas is only brought if one repents when he discovers that which he did not previously know!?
(e) Answer: Rather, the Beis Din will obligate a Korban only for a *larger* KeZayis.
(f) Question: How could we have thought (in c. above) that *Yarbeh* BeShiurin might refer to their determining a *smaller* Shiur!?
(g) Answer: The Yarbeh refers to the increased number of Korbanos which they would thus obligate.

(a) (R. Yochanan) Shiurim and their Onshin are Halachah L'Moshe MiSinai.
(b) Question: But the Onshin are written in the Torah!?
(c) Answer: We meant the Shiurim for incurring the Onshin (as supported by the Beraisa).
(d) (Acheirim) The Shiurim for Onshin were established by the Beis Din of Osniel b. Kenaz (Yavetz).
(e) Question: But a no one is permitted to introduce a Chidush!?
(f) Answer: They had been forgotten and he restored them.

(a) (R. Yehudah citing Shmuel) We do not mean a true mouthful, but rather the amount which, if concentrated to one side of the mouth, would create the appearance of a full mouth.
(b) Question: But the Mishnah speaks of a mouthful ("Melo Lugmav" which presumably is to be understood literally)!?
(c) Answer: Understand it as *Ke*Melo Lugmav.
(d) Question: But we find the in Beraisa the words Melo Lugmav to be literally a mouthful (as distinct from the opinion there KeMelo Lugmav)?
(e) Answer: The Beraisa is *also* to be understood as KeMelo Lugmav!
(f) Question: Then how is Beis Hillel (Melo Lugmav) distinct from R. Eliezer (KeMelo Lugmav)?
(g) Answer: Whether we mean the appearance of a cheekful without pressure (Beis Hillel) while R. Eliezer would not make the person Chayav until he drank a tight cheekful.
(h) Question: If so this should have been listed as one of the Kulos of Beis Shamai relative to Beis Hillel (since Beis Shamai obligates for a Revi'is and the relaxed cheekful of Beis Hillel is smaller) in Ediyos!?

(i) Answer: The question was asked regarding a giant person, such that Beis Shamai is Machmir there.
(j) Question (the following three exchanges are between R. Zeira and Abaye): Why should we distinguish regarding liquids between individuals of different sizes, where we do not find such distinctions regarding food?
(k) Answer: Chazal understood that a Koseves of food brings every person to a state of calm, whereas people vary regarding the amount of drink which brings calm.
(l) Question: Could it be the *every* person is calmed with a KaKoseves, even a giant?
(m) Answer: Everybody is eased (from a moment of Inui, and thus is Chayav) from a KaKoseves, to a greater or lesser degree.
(n) Question: How can we not differentiate between a Koseves of heavy, satisfying foods (meat) and foods with much less nutritional value (Lulavei Gefanim)?
(o) Answer: Again, these will bring to differing levels of calm, but both will violate the Inui of Yom Kipur.
(p) Question (Rava): You have created a Kula in Yom Kipur by using the time frame for a KeZayis (Bichdei Achilas Peras) and applying it to a Koseves (such that a Koseves eaten in slightly more than Bichdei Achilas Peras would be Patur)!?
(q) Answer (Abaye): Chazal assessed that food eaten during this time frame calms, whereas more time does not bring calm.

(a) Question (Rava): Chazal have created a Kula by Tumas Ochlin in that a KeZayis eaten Bichdei Achilas Peras is considered Achilah, and yet to create Tumah in the body of the person (Tumas Geviyah), it would take half a Peras eaten in the same time frame (it is thus much harder to become Tamei)!
(b) Answer (R. Papa): The Kula is because Tumas Geviyah is D'Rabanan.
(c) Question: But we find that R. Papa holds that Tumas Geviyah is D'Oreisa!?
(d) Answer: It is D'Rabanan, and the Pasuk is an Asmachta.

(a) (R. Papa) Umtza and its salt combine to a KeKoseves.
(b) This is true even though salt is not eaten, but since it is normally eaten on the raw meat, it is Mitztaref.
(c) (Resh Lakish) Tzir combines with the vegetables on which it is found.
(d) Question: Of course!?
(e) Answer: We might have considered the Tzir as a liquid (which does not combine with food), and now we are taught that anything which renders a food more edible combines.

(a) (Resh Lakish) One who eats Achilah Gasah is Patur.
(b) Question: Why is this so?
(c) Answer: Because one who is harming himself with his eating has not violated the dictate of "Lo SeUneh."
(d) Similarly, a non-Kohen who eats Terumah as Achilah Gasah pays the principle but not the Chomesh since the Pasuk makes one liable for eating the Terumah, not for damaging oneself with it.